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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Quantifying suspended solids in small rivers using satellite data.

Celso M Isidro1, Neil McIntyre1, Alex M Lechner2

  • 1Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, QLD 4072, Australia.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a satellite-based model to map total suspended solids (TSS) in rivers, crucial for managing water quality and sediment sources. The model accurately estimates TSS concentrations, even in challenging mountainous river systems.

Keywords:
Empirical modellingPhilippinesSmall-scale miningSurface reflectanceTotal suspended solidsTurbidity

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Remote Sensing
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Effective river management necessitates understanding sediment sources and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations.
  • In-situ sampling provides limited spatial data, while empirical models using satellite imagery offer continuous mapping capabilities.
  • Limited research exists on TSS estimation in narrow, shallow, and dynamic rivers, particularly in mountainous regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an empirical model for estimating TSS concentrations in rivers using satellite remote sensing data.
  • To address the challenges of mapping TSS in complex, mountainous river systems.
  • To provide spatially continuous maps of TSS to aid in sediment source management.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized RapidEye, Pleiades-1A, and SPOT-6 satellite imagery with varying resolutions (2-6m).
  • Developed a power law model correlating TSS concentrations with surface reflectance, validated with ground-based measurements.
  • Applied the model to generate a continuous TSS concentration map for the Didipio catchment.

Main Results:

  • The developed model achieved an R² of 65% and a root mean square error of 519 mg/L.
  • A linear relationship between reflectance and TSS was observed up to approximately 500 mg/L.
  • Higher TSS concentrations (>500 mg/L) showed a lower and more variable rate of reflectance increase.

Conclusions:

  • Satellite-based empirical modeling is effective for mapping TSS in challenging river environments.
  • The developed model provides valuable data for sediment source identification and water quality management.
  • Further data, especially for high TSS concentrations, will enhance model accuracy and applicability.