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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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DNA Methyltransferases, DNA Methylation, and Age-Associated Cognitive Function.

Di Cui1, Xiangru Xu2,3

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany. dcui@age.mpg.de.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetics, like DNA methylation, impacts brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are crucial for brain development, learning, and memory, influencing cognitive decline.

Keywords:
DNA methylationDNMTscognitive ageingsynaptic gene expression, CNS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Aging is a primary risk factor for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
  • Epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, is increasingly recognized for its role in age-related neurological disorders.
  • DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are key enzymes regulating DNA methylation, essential for gene imprinting and transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in central nervous system (CNS) development.
  • To discuss the impact of DNMTs and DNA methylation on cognitive function during healthy and pathological aging.
  • To highlight the significance of DNMTs in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on DNMTs and their functions in the CNS.
  • Analysis of studies investigating DNA methylation in aging and neurodegeneration.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding DNMTs' roles in neural development and cognitive processes.

Main Results:

  • DNMTs are critical for CNS development, including gene imprinting and transcription regulation.
  • These enzymes are also vital for adult learning, memory, and overall cognitive function.
  • Dysregulation of DNMTs and DNA methylation is implicated in age-related cognitive deficits and diseases.

Conclusions:

  • DNMTs and DNA methylation are pivotal in maintaining cognitive health throughout the lifespan.
  • Understanding DNMTs' functions offers potential therapeutic targets for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Further research into specific DNMTs' roles is crucial for addressing age-associated neurological conditions.