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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
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Characteristics of Life01:23

Characteristics of Life

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Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
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The half-life of a reaction (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of a given amount of reactant to be consumed. In each succeeding half-life, half of the remaining concentration of the reactant is consumed. For example, during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, during the first half-life (from 0.00 hours to 6.00 hours), the concentration of H2O2 decreases from 1.000 M to 0.500 M. During the second half-life (from 6.00 hours to 12.00 hours), the concentration decreases from 0.500 M to...
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A research journey with ATP synthase.

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Catalytic site occupancy during ATP synthase catalysis.

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Energy, Life, and ATP (Nobel Lecture).

Paul D Boyer1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, 611 Circle Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310-206-7286.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Paul Boyer discovered that the proton-motive force from oxidative phosphorylation primarily releases ATP, not synthesizes it. This led to the binding change mechanism, explaining ATP synthase

Keywords:
ATPBioenergeticsEnzyme catalysisNobel lecturePhosphorylations

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioenergetics

Background:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation generates proton-motive force.
  • ATP synthase is crucial for cellular energy production.
  • Previous understanding of ATP synthesis was incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of proton-motive force in ATP synthesis.
  • To explain the mechanism of ATP synthase action.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 18O-exchange experiments.
  • Investigated the function of ATP synthase.

Main Results:

  • Proton-motive force is primarily used for ATP release, not synthesis.
  • Identified sequential conformational changes in ATP synthase.
  • Revealed a rotary mechanism driving these changes.

Conclusions:

  • The binding change mechanism explains ATP synthesis.
  • ATP synthase functions as a remarkable molecular machine.
  • Redefined the understanding of energy transduction in cells.