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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Long-Range Electron Transfer through DNA Films.

Shana O Kelley1, Nicole M Jackson2, Michael G Hill2

  • 1Beckman Institute and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA), Fax: (+1) 626-577-4976.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron transfer through DNA films is efficient, showing little distance dependence. However, a cytosine-adenine mismatch significantly hinders electron transfer, highlighting the need for a well-stacked DNA pathway for efficient long-range electron transport.

Keywords:
BiosensorsCyclic voltammetryDNA structuresElectron transferMonolayersThin films

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Electrochemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • DNA's potential role in facilitating electron transfer over distances.
  • Understanding charge transport mechanisms in biological molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distance dependence of electrochemical reduction of cross-linked daunomycin (DM) within DNA films.
  • To determine the impact of DNA sequence integrity, specifically cytosine-adenine (CA) mismatches, on electron transfer efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical reduction of cross-linked daunomycin (DM) in DNA films.
  • Analysis of electron transfer efficiency based on DM position and DNA sequence.

Main Results:

  • Efficient electrochemical reduction of DM regardless of its position in the DNA film, suggesting shallow distance dependence.
  • Dramatic attenuation of electrochemical response upon introduction of a cytosine-adenine (CA) mismatch.
  • Demonstration that DNA facilitates long-range electron transfer only with a well-stacked pathway.

Conclusions:

  • The DNA double helix can support long-range electron transfer.
  • DNA sequence integrity, particularly well-stacked base pairs, is crucial for efficient electron transport.
  • Electrochemical methods can probe the influence of DNA structure on charge transport.