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Related Concept Videos

Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh
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Metal Insertion into C-C Bonds in Solution.

Boris Rybtchinski1, David Milstein1

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 (Israel), Fax: (+972) 8-9344142.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored metal centers and ligand properties for activating carbon-carbon bonds. This systematic review examines solution-phase C-C bond activation mechanisms and tuning strategies for metal catalysts.

Keywords:
C-C activationC-H activationHomogeneous catalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Chemical Synthesis

Background:

  • Carbon-carbon (C-C) bond activation is crucial for organic synthesis.
  • Understanding the factors influencing C-C bond activation is essential for developing new catalytic methods.
  • The
  • hidden
  • C-C bond presents a significant challenge in chemical transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the requirements of ligated metal centers for C-C bond insertion.
  • To explore methods for tuning metal centers via ligand steric and electronic properties for C-C bond activation.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of C-C bond activation in diverse reaction systems.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of existing data on C-C bond activation in solution.
  • Review of literature concerning metal-ligand interactions and their effect on reactivity.
  • Comparative study of different reaction systems and their proposed C-C bond activation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified key characteristics of metal centers suitable for C-C bond insertion.
  • Demonstrated how ligand modification influences the steric and electronic environment around the metal center, impacting C-C bond activation.
  • Provided insights into plausible mechanistic pathways for C-C bond cleavage in various catalytic cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of ligated metal center is critical for effective C-C bond activation.
  • Ligand design offers a powerful strategy for controlling the reactivity and selectivity of C-C bond activation processes.
  • A deeper understanding of reaction mechanisms facilitates the rational design of novel catalytic systems for C-C bond functionalization.