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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Controlled Synthesis of Cross-Linked Ultrathin Polymer Films by Using Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical

Wenxi Huang1, Gregory L Baker1, Merlin L Bruening1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center for Fundamental Materials Research Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA) Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates ambient-temperature atom transfer radical polymerization for creating uniform, cross-linked polymer films. The "living" surface-initiated method prevents solution polymerization, ensuring controlled film thickness and homogeneity.

Keywords:
atom transfer radical polymerizationradicalssurface chemistrythin films

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Surface-initiated polymerization offers precise control over polymer film properties.
  • Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is a versatile "living" polymerization technique.
  • Achieving homogeneous polymer films without solution-based side reactions is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for creating homogeneous, cross-linked polymer films using surface-initiated ATRP.
  • To control the thickness of polymer films from the surface.
  • To avoid polymer formation in solution during the polymerization process.

Main Methods:

  • Ambient-temperature atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated from a surface.
  • Utilizing ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as the monomer.
  • Employing a "living" polymerization procedure to ensure controlled growth.

Main Results:

  • Homogeneous, cross-linked polymer films were successfully synthesized.
  • The surface-initiated polymerization yielded uniform films.
  • Controlled film thicknesses ranging from 3 to 300 nm were achieved.
  • The absence of polymerization in solution prevented physisorption and ensured film integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Surface-initiated "living" ATRP is an effective method for producing uniform, cross-linked polymer films.
  • This technique allows for precise control over polymer film thickness.
  • The method avoids undesirable polymerization in solution, leading to high-quality polymer films.