Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

59.1K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
59.1K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.2K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.2K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

8.2K
8.2K
Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

21.3K
Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
21.3K
States of Water01:23

States of Water

57.2K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
57.2K
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

5.7K
The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Generalized path reweighting and history-dependent free energies.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Detecting statistical interactions in immune receptor data: a comparative study.

Journal of applied statistics·2026
Same author

Membrane Pore Formation Unveiled by ∞RETIS Path Sampling: From Thinning to Flip-Flop.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2026
Same author

Systematic analyses of lipid mobilization by human lipid transfer proteins.

Nature·2026
Same author

A new thermodynamic function for binary mixtures: The co-molar volume.

The Journal of chemical physics·2025
Same author

Exact Kinetics of Drug Permeation Using Transition Interface Sampling.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2025
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
10:59

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 19, 2014

18.9K

Local initiation conditions for water autoionization.

Mahmoud Moqadam1, Anders Lervik2, Enrico Riccardi1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied water's self-ionization, the process where water molecules split into ions. They found local molecular structures can initiate this reaction, potentially allowing control over chemical processes.

Keywords:
ab initio molecular dynamicsautoionizationmachine learningpath samplingwater

More Related Videos

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions
09:21

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

Published on: March 7, 2016

9.4K
Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis
13:09

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

15.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
10:59

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 19, 2014

18.9K
Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions
09:21

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

Published on: March 7, 2016

9.4K
Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis
13:09

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

15.4K

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • The self-ionization of water (H2O -> H+ + OH-) determines its pH.
  • This reaction is experimentally difficult to probe and computationally challenging to simulate.
  • A key question is whether local water structure or global ordering initiates bond breakage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the initiation mechanisms of water self-ionization at room temperature.
  • To determine if local structural ordering precedes OH bond dissociation.
  • To identify key molecular parameters influencing the initial dissociation step.

Main Methods:

  • Rare-event ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
  • Thousands of molecular trajectories were analyzed.
  • Autoionization rates and activation energies were calculated and compared to experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Simulations accurately reproduced experimental autoionization rates and activation energies.
  • Specific local order parameters were identified as crucial.
  • A bond stretch occurring within the ideal range of these parameters increased the probability of the first dissociation step (double-proton jump) from ~0.01 to 0.4.

Conclusions:

  • Local water structure plays a critical role in initiating the self-ionization process.
  • Identified local order parameters act as initiation triggers for water dissociation.
  • Understanding these triggers may enable the steering of chemical reactions.