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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...

Sampling Continuous Time Signal

Sampling Continuous Time Signal

In signal processing, a continuous-time signal can be sampled using an impulse-train sampling technique, followed by the zero-order hold method. Impulse-train sampling involves the use of a periodic impulse train, which consists of a series of delta functions spaced at regular intervals determined by the sampling period. When a continuous-time signal is multiplied by this impulse train, it generates impulses with amplitudes corresponding to the signal's values at the sampling points.
In the...

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of 2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...

IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching

IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching

Both alkyne (C≡C) and nitrile (C≡N) functional groups contain triple bonds and show stretching absorptions around the wavenumber range of 2100 to 2300 cm−1 in the diagnostic region of the IR spectra.
Comparing the stretching vibrational frequency of C≡C triple bonds with that of double and single bonds, it is evident that C≡C triple bonds exhibit a higher stretching frequency than C=C double and C–C single bonds. Similarly, the C≡N triple bond...

IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching

IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching

Double bonds in alkenes and carbonyl compounds exhibit stretching frequencies in the diagnostic region of the IR spectrum. In addition, alkenes exhibit vinylic C–H stretching and C–H out-of-plane bending absorptions that are useful for identifying substitution patterns.
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

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Published on: June 28, 2017

Ultrafast time-stretch microscopy based on dual-comb asynchronous optical sampling.

Xin Dong, Xi Zhou, Jiqiang Kang

|May 2, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel dual-comb asynchronous optical sampling method for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. This technique significantly reduces bandwidth requirements, enabling high-resolution imaging at faster frame rates.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Microscopy Techniques
Signal Processing

Background:

Ultrafast time-stretch microscopy with single-pixel detectors offers high sensitivity.
Current systems require expensive gigahertz acquisition bandwidth, limiting applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To relax the stringent acquisition bandwidth requirements of time-stretch microscopy.
To enable high-resolution imaging with reduced system cost and complexity.

Main Methods:

Implemented dual-comb asynchronous optical sampling in a conventional time-stretch microscopy setup.
Magnified the ultrafast temporal axis by 9200 times.

Main Results:

Reduced the required acquisition bandwidth to 320 kHz.
Achieved 2.3 μm spatial resolution.
Enabled imaging at tens of kilohertz frame rates.

Conclusions:

Dual-comb asynchronous optical sampling is a viable method to overcome bandwidth limitations in time-stretch microscopy.
This approach facilitates cost-effective, high-speed, high-resolution imaging.