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Related Experiment Video

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Dissociations between implicit and explicit attitudes toward phobic stimuli.

Peter de Jong¹, Marcel van den Hout¹, Hans Rietbroek¹

¹a Maastricht University, The Netherlands.

Cognition & Emotion

|May 3, 2018

Summary

Individuals with spider phobias and non-fearful individuals show similar implicit negative associations with spiders. However, non-fearful individuals can suppress these automatic negative stereotypes, unlike phobic individuals.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Specific phobias, like arachnophobia, are characterized by intense fear responses to particular stimuli.
Implicit associations, which are automatic and unconscious, may play a role in maintaining phobic reactions.
Understanding the interplay between explicit attitudes and implicit associations is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate complaint-specific implicit associations related to spider fear.
To compare implicit negative associations with spider cues in highly fearful and non-fearful individuals.
To assess the reliability and stability of implicit association measures.

Main Methods:

Employed two indices of implicit associations: a modified Implicit Association Test (IAT) and an Affective Simon Paradigm (ASP).
Participants included individuals with high spider fear (n=18) and explicitly non-fearful individuals (n=19).
Tested participants twice to evaluate the stability of the IAT and ASP.

Main Results:

Explicit attitudes towards spider cues were significantly more negative in the high fear group compared to the non-fear group.
Both high and low fear participants exhibited similar levels of implicit negative associations with spiders.
The Affective Simon Paradigm and Implicit Association Test demonstrated consistent results across both testing occasions, indicating resistance to practice effects.

Conclusions:

Non-fearful individuals appear capable of suppressing automatic negative spider stereotypes.
Phobic individuals may not attempt or be able to control their negative automatic associations with spider cues.
The findings suggest a dual attitude towards spider cues in non-fearful individuals, highlighting the role of control over automatic associations in phobia maintenance.