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Related Concept Videos

Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

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When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions
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CVD SiC deformable mirror with monolithic cooling channels.

Kyohoon Ahn, Hyug-Gyo Rhee, Ho-Soon Yang

    Optics Express
    |May 3, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a novel silicon carbide deformable mirror for high-power lasers. This advanced adaptive optics component demonstrates excellent thermal management and optical performance, achieving residual errors under 30 nm rms.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Laser Technology

    Background:

    • High-power laser systems require advanced adaptive optics for precise beam control.
    • Existing deformable mirrors (DM) face challenges in thermal management and actuator coupling for demanding applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design, fabricate, and evaluate a novel deformable mirror using Silicon Carbide (SiC) for high-power laser applications.
    • To address limitations in thermal stability and actuator performance in current DM technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a 200 mm diameter SiC faceplate with embedded cooling channels using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).
    • Actuation by 137 stack-type piezoelectric transducers in a square grid.
    • Development of a new actuator influence function optimized for the DM's stiffer faceplate and higher coupling ratio.

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  • Verification of cooling and optical performance through simulations and experiments.

    • Main Results:

    • The CVD SiC DM demonstrated effective thermal management capabilities.
    • Optical performance verification showed residual errors of less than 30 nm root-mean-square (rms) after adaptive compensation.
    • The DM achieved operational frequencies of 1 kHz without coolant and 100 Hz with coolant flow.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel CVD SiC deformable mirror offers superior thermal management and optical correction for high-power laser systems.
    • The developed actuator influence function accurately models the DM's behavior, improving compensation efficiency.
    • This SiC DM represents a significant advancement in adaptive optics for demanding laser applications.