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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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Pumped Concrete01:13

Pumped Concrete

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Concrete in large quantities can be pumped across long distances for placing in inaccessible sites. This system comprises a hopper that receives concrete from a mixer, a pump to propel the concrete, and pipelines that facilitate its delivery.
For direct-acting pumps, the concrete enters the pump via the inlet valve under the action of gravity and suction created by the movement of the piston. This concrete is then forced into the pipeline and out through the outlet valve by the forward movement...
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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics
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Narrowband diode laser pump module for pumping alkali vapors.

M D Rotondaro, B V Zhdanov, M K Shaffer

    Optics Express
    |May 3, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a method to narrow the frequency of diode laser stacks for Diode Pumped Alkali Lasers. This technique significantly reduces the laser line width, improving performance for alkali laser applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    • Laser Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Diode laser stacks are crucial for Diode Pumped Alkali Lasers (DPALs).
    • Broadband diode lasers exhibit wide line widths (e.g., 3 THz), limiting their efficiency in DPALs.
    • Precise frequency control is essential for resonant pumping of alkali atoms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for line narrowing and frequency-locking a diode laser stack.
    • To adapt the narrowed diode laser stack as an efficient pump module for DPALs.
    • To achieve a narrow spectral line width for improved laser performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a 600 W antireflection coated diode laser stack in an external cavity configuration.
    • Introduced a narrowband polarization filter based on the magneto-optical Faraday effect into the external cavity.

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  • The filter selectively transmitted frequencies resonant with the 62S1/2 → 62P3/2 transition of Cesium (Cs) atoms.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully narrowed the diode laser stack line width from 3 THz to 10 GHz.
    • The line-narrowed pump module achieved an output power of 518 Watts.
    • This represents 80% of the power generated by the original broadband diode laser stack.

    Conclusions:

    • The magneto-optical Faraday effect filter effectively narrows the diode laser stack's spectral line width.
    • The developed pump module demonstrates high efficiency and suitability for DPAL applications.
    • This method offers a viable solution for enhancing DPAL performance through precise laser frequency control.