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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Long working range light field microscope with fast scanning multifocal liquid crystal microlens array.

Po-Yuan Hsieh, Ping-Yen Chou, Hsiu-An Lin

    Optics Express
    |May 3, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a multifocal liquid crystal microlens array to enhance light field microscopy. This innovation extends the depth of field for 3D biological imaging, improving real-time visualization capabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical microscopy
    • Biomedical imaging
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Light field microscopy (LFM) enables real-time 3D imaging of biological specimens.
    • Extending the depth of field in LFM is crucial for broader applications.
    • Conventional LFM systems utilize fixed microlens arrays, limiting their operational range.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an enhanced LFM system with an extended depth of field.
    • To introduce a novel multifocal liquid crystal microlens array (LCMLA) for improved 3D imaging.
    • To enable time-multiplexed scanning through a fast-response LCMLA.

    Main Methods:

    • Replaced the fixed microlens array in LFM with a multifocal high-resistance liquid crystal microlens array.
    • Adjusted the focal length of the LCMLA sequentially to extend the working range.
    • Positioned the intermediate image in the virtual image space of the microlens array for reduced numerical aperture.

    Main Results:

    • The developed multifocal LCMLA provides high-quality point spread functions across multiple focal lengths.
    • The sequential adjustment of focal length significantly extended the total working range of the LFM.
    • A thin-cell-gap LCMLA with a fast response time was implemented, enabling time-multiplexed scanning.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed multifocal LCMLA effectively extends the depth of field in light field microscopy.
    • This advancement broadens the application scope of LFM for 3D biological imaging.
    • The system's capability for time-multiplexed scanning offers efficient high-resolution imaging.