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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

41.1K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Conductors and Insulators01:19

Conductors and Insulators

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Some materials may easily let electrical charges pass through them, while others obstruct their flow. The former are called conductors and the latter insulators. The atomic structures of materials determine whether they are conductors or insulators of electricity.
Most metals are conductors. Their atomic configuration is such that one or more electron(s) are loosely bound to the nucleus in each atom. Thus, a sea of mobile electrons are available in them, known as free electrons. Their easy...
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Insulation Coordination01:23

Insulation Coordination

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Insulation coordination is the process of matching electric equipment's insulation strength with protective device characteristics to protect the equipment against expected overvoltages. This selection is based on engineering judgment and cost. Equipment can generally withstand short-duration high transient overvoltages, but repeated tests with identical waveforms can yield inconsistent results. As a result, standard impulse voltage waveforms are used for testing, defined by specific times...
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Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls01:22

Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls

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In hot, dry climates, the thermal mass of masonry walls can be beneficial, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thereby stabilizing indoor temperatures. However, in most other climates, additional insulation is necessary to enhance thermal resistance.
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
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Plate-slot polymer waveguide modulator on silicon-on-insulator.

Feng Qiu, Andrew M Spring, Jianxun Hong

    Optics Express
    |May 3, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study demonstrates electro-optic (EO) modulators using an EO polymer on silicon-on-insulator substrates. The devices achieve low-driving voltage and high-speed optical modulation for advanced interconnects.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Electrical Engineering

    Background:

    • Electro-optic (EO) modulators are crucial for converting electrical signals to optical signals.
    • High-speed optical interconnects require efficient and low-power EO modulators.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate novel EO modulators using an EO polymer on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates.
    • To achieve low-driving voltage and large bandwidth modulation for optical interconnects.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and ring resonator modulators.
    • Embedding an EO polymer within a Si and TiO2 slot structure.
    • Design for high TM mode confinement and low propagation loss.

    Main Results:

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    • MZI modulator achieved a π-voltage-length product of 0.66 V·cm and a 3-dB bandwidth of 31 GHz.
    • Ring modulator demonstrated resonant tunability of 0.065 nm/V and a 3-dB modulation bandwidth up to 13 GHz.
    • Effective EO properties and low propagation loss were achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed EO polymer modulators on SOI are suitable for high-speed optical interconnects.
    • The device design enables efficient electrical to optical conversion with low driving voltage.
    • The demonstrated performance highlights the potential of EO polymers in photonic devices.