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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria
Published on: September 16, 2013
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-negative Isolates of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Rakshya Nepal1, Basudha Shrestha2, Deepak Man Joshi3
1Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Background:
Lower respiratory tract infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out with an objective to study the antibiogram of Gram-negative isolates of patients with lower respiratory tract infection visiting Kathmandu Model Hospital.
Methods:
A total of 274 specimens including sputum, endotracheal aspirates, suction tips were cultured as per standard microbiological technique. Antibiotic susceptibility and detection of Extended-spectrum beta- lactamases (ESBLs) were performed following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI 2014) guidelines.
Results:
Respiratory pathogens were recovered from 24.6% (n=65) cases. Klebsiella pneumoniae (40%) was the commonest isolates. The highest prevalence of multidrug-resistance (69.23%) was observed in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumannii complex. Extended-spectrum beta- lactamases were detected in Escherichia coli (n=4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=4) and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumannii complex (n=1).
Conclusions:
High prevalence of multidrug-resistance and extended- spectrum beta- lactamase producers were observed in respiratory isolates. For effective management of lower respiratory tract infections, an ultimate and detailed microbiological diagnosis and susceptibility testing is required.
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