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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Living Cells That Interface with Programmable Materials
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Programmable Hydrogel Ionic Circuits for Biologically Matched Electronic Interfaces.

Siwei Zhao1, Peter Tseng2, Jonathan Grasman1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New hydrogel ionic circuits overcome bioelectronic mismatches, enabling pain-free, high-resolution electrical stimulation for medical devices. This advance promises safer, more integrated bioelectronic systems.

Keywords:
aqueous two-phase systemsbioelectronicshydrogelsionic circuitspoly(ethylene glycol)

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Area of Science:

  • Bioelectronics
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Wearable and implantable medical devices require electronics that interface with biological systems.
  • Current bioelectronic systems face challenges in matching engineered circuits with biological tissues, leading to pain and damage.
  • A need exists for advanced bioelectronic materials that ensure seamless integration and minimize adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop programmable hydrogel ionic circuits using salt/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) aqueous two-phase systems.
  • To create bioelectronic systems that match biological properties like transparency and stretchability.
  • To enable localized electrical stimulation with reduced tissue damage.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing salt/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) aqueous two-phase systems to create hydrogel ionic circuits.
  • Employing salt/PEG phase separation for stable encapsulation of high-conductivity salt-solution patterns within PEG hydrogel matrices.
  • Routing ionic current with high resolution for localized electrical stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Programmable hydrogel ionic circuits were successfully generated, routing ionic current with high resolution.
  • The developed systems demonstrated transparency, stretchability, and an aqueous-based connective interface.
  • Localized electrical stimulation was achieved in vitro and in vivo with reduced adverse effects, as shown by LED displays and skin-mounted electronics.

Conclusions:

  • Salt/PEG aqueous two-phase systems offer a novel strategy for creating advanced bioelectronic platforms.
  • These hydrogel ionic circuits provide a biocompatible interface for electrical signal distribution between engineered and biological systems.
  • The technology holds potential for future biointegrated electronic systems, including medical devices and therapeutic stimulators.