[Risk factors for different types of hypospadias]

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Urology
• Reproductive Medicine
• Public Health

Background:

• Hypospadias is a congenital condition affecting the male urethra.
• Understanding risk factors is essential for prevention and management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the risk factors associated with hypospadias.
• To explore specific risk factors for four distinct types of hypospadias.

Main Methods:

• A case-control study involving 440 subjects (hypospadias cases and controls).
• Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed.
• Data collected from October 2015 to October 2016 at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.

Main Results:

• Identified risk factors for hypospadias include preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, maternal rural residence, advanced/young maternal age, primiparity, maternal smoking, oral progesterone use, and maternal infections/fever or high temperature exposure.
• Protein supplementation in early pregnancy showed a protective effect.
• Specific risk factors varied significantly across different hypospadias types (Type I-IV).

Conclusions:

• Risk factors for hypospadias are type-specific, necessitating tailored clinical studies and preventive measures.
• Larger sample sizes are recommended for more robust and reliable findings on type-specific risk factors.