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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

2.2K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

474
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
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Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity.

Charles A Ducsay1, Ravi Goyal1, William J Pearce1

  • 1The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California.

Physiological Reviews
|May 3, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gestational hypoxia impacts maternal and fetal health by altering the epigenetic code, influencing genomic plasticity. This review examines how these epigenetic changes affect fetal development and long-term health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hypoxia poses a significant challenge to homeostasis, affecting all tissues.
  • Fetal and newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to hypoxic stress during gestation.
  • Hypoxia influences maternal and fetal development via genetic traits and epigenetic modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development.
  • To explore epigenetic mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity in response to hypoxia.
  • To emphasize the effects on key organ systems and physiological axes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular and epigenetic interactions.
  • Analysis of studies investigating developmental plasticity and programming.
  • Synthesis of information on hypoxia's effects on specific fetal systems.

Main Results:

  • Gestational hypoxia alters the epigenome, leading to "genomic plasticity."
  • Epigenetic changes (DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding RNAs) mediate phenotypic programming.
  • Hypoxia impacts uteroplacental circulation, heart, brain, lung development, and the HPA axis.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for mediating the effects of gestational hypoxia on development.
  • Developmental programming influenced by hypoxia can determine future health or disease risk.
  • Complex molecular and epigenetic interactions during gestation have lasting physiological consequences.