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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
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Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts
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Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

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Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells.

Nicolas C Rivron1,2, Javier Frias-Aldeguer3,4, Erik J Vrij3

  • 1MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. n.rivron@hubrecht.eu.

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|May 4, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early mammalian embryo development involves trophectoderm and embryonic cells. In vitro, these cells form blastoids, mimicking blastocysts and revealing embryonic inductions crucial for trophectoderm development and implantation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Mammalian embryogenesis

Background:

  • The blastocyst, an early mammalian embryo, comprises trophectoderm and embryonic cells, forming all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.
  • Trophoblast stem cells and embryonic stem cells are in vitro analogues of these compartments.
  • Understanding cell-cell interactions is key to early embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cooperative interaction between trophoblast and embryonic stem cells in vitro.
  • To characterize the structures formed by these cooperating cells, termed blastoids.
  • To elucidate the embryonic inductive signals that regulate trophectoderm development.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of trophoblast and embryonic stem cell lines from mouse blastocysts.
  • Co-culture of these cell types to form blastoids.
  • Single-cell transcriptomics and genetic/physical uncoupling of cell compartments.
  • In vivo implantation and decidualization assays.

Main Results:

  • Trophoblast and embryonic stem cells cooperate to form blastoids, resembling mouse blastocysts.
  • Embryonic cells provide inductive signals that drive trophectoderm development, including proliferation and morphogenesis via a BMP4/Nodal-KLF6 axis.
  • Blastoids reveal extensive embryonic inductions essential for trophectoderm function, implantation, and decidualization.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic inductions are critical for establishing a functional trophectoderm.
  • The nascent embryo actively supports trophectoderm development and implantation.
  • Blastoids serve as a model to study early embryonic cell-cell interactions and signaling pathways.