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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Red Algae01:23

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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...
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Related Experiment Video

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Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo
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In Vivo Functional Imaging of Retinal Neurons Using Red and Green Fluorescent Calcium Indicators.

Soon K Cheong1,2, Wenjun Xiong3, Jennifer M Strazzeri1,2

  • 1Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Red fluorescent calcium indicators like jRGECO1a offer safer, high-fidelity retinal imaging in mice. This advance aids in studying retinal circuits and disease models using adaptive optics imaging.

Keywords:
Adaptive opticsCalcium indicatorGanglion cellsRetinal imagingjRGECO1a

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Adaptive optics retinal imaging allows long-term study of retinal physiology.
  • Previous studies utilized green fluorescent calcium indicators, which pose safety concerns due to short-wavelength light excitation.
  • Red fluorescent indicators offer safer excitation wavelengths and alternative imaging options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the red fluorescent calcium indicator jRGECO1a for in vivo functional adaptive optics imaging of retinal neurons.
  • To compare the performance of jRGECO1a with established green fluorescent indicators.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo adaptive optics imaging in mice.
  • Single-photon excitation of red fluorescent calcium indicators (jRGECO1a).
  • Comparison with green fluorescent calcium indicators (GCaMP6s).

Main Results:

  • jRGECO1a allows functional adaptive optics imaging of retinal neurons in vivo.
  • Imaging with jRGECO1a is approximately five times safer than with green indicators.
  • jRGECO1a demonstrated similar imaging fidelity to GCaMP6s.

Conclusions:

  • Red fluorescent calcium indicators, specifically jRGECO1a, are suitable for in vivo functional adaptive optics retinal imaging.
  • This method enhances safety and provides flexibility in imaging parameters.
  • It supports research in retinal circuits, disease modeling, and vision restoration therapies.