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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
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Autoimmune Retinopathy: An Immunologic Cellular-Driven Disorder.

John R Heckenlively1, Steven K Lundy2,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jrheck@umich.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is distinct from retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Cellular immune markers, including specific antibody responses, may help identify active AIR and its severity.

Keywords:
Anti-retinal antibodiesAutoimmune retinopathyCellular immunityCytokinesImmune toleranceRecoverinRetinitis pigmentosa

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Retinal Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is often misdiagnosed as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to overlapping clinical features.
  • AIR presents with sudden visual disturbances, normal initial retinal exams, and a history of autoimmune diseases in 60% of patients.
  • Anti-retinal autoimmune antibodies (ARAs) are a hallmark of AIR, persisting even during quiescent phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cellular immunity in patients with autoimmune retinopathy.
  • To identify potential cellular immune markers for active AIR and disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to analyze lymphocyte subsets in AIR patients.
  • Patient lymphocytes were cultured with recoverin protein to assess cytokine production (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10).
  • The ratio of IFNγ/IL-10 in response to recoverin was correlated with disease activity.

Main Results:

  • AIR patients showed abnormal distributions of lymphocytes, including increased memory lymphocytes and NK cells, and decreased regulatory B cells.
  • Lymphocyte culture with recoverin led to significant elevations in IFNγ and TNFα.
  • An elevated IFNγ/IL-10 ratio correlated with more active AIR, though other factors also influenced severity.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular immune parameters, such as lymphocyte subset distribution and cytokine responses to recoverin, show promise as improved markers for active autoimmune retinopathy.
  • These findings highlight the role of cellular immunity in AIR pathogenesis and suggest potential for improved diagnostics.