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Related Concept Videos

What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Related Experiment Video

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Differential T-cell receptor signals for T helper cell programming.

Penelope A Morel1

  • 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Immunology
|May 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, not just amount, dictates T helper cell differentiation pathways. High or low TCR signals induce distinct cellular responses, revealing new insights into immune cell fate determination.

Keywords:
CD4 cellT-cell receptorsregulatory T cellssignal transduction

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Naive CD4 T cells differentiate into various T helper (Th) subsets upon antigen encounter.
  • This differentiation is influenced by antigen-presenting cells, cytokines, and co-stimulatory molecules.
  • T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, determined by TCR-antigen affinity and dose, is a key factor in Th cell fate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on T helper cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the role of T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength in determining Th cell fate.
  • To explore how TCR signal strength induces qualitatively distinct signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on T helper cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of research investigating the impact of TCR signal strength.
  • Examination of molecular pathways modulated by TCR signal strength.

Main Results:

  • TCR signal strength is a dominant factor in Th cell differentiation.
  • High and low TCR signals do not induce quantitatively, but qualitatively distinct pathways.
  • Specific signaling cascades are differentially activated based on TCR signal strength.

Conclusions:

  • TCR signal strength is a critical determinant of Th cell differentiation outcomes.
  • Understanding these distinct pathways offers new therapeutic targets.
  • Further research into TCR signal modulation can refine immune response control.