Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

1.6K
The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
1.6K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

9.5K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
9.5K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

7.7K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
7.7K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

2.8K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
2.8K
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

1.2K
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
1.2K
Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

4.2K
Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transitive reasoning as linear classification.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Naturalistic behavior and self-generated neural activity predictive of self-correction.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Emergent representations of graphical structure in mechanistic neural models of causal judgment.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Regional specialization in prefrontal cortex manifests in the reliability of task progression codes.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Meta-learning is expressed through altered prefrontal cortical dynamics.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Sensorimotor Theta Oscillations Coordinate Speech Movements.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Studying Drug Impacts on Brain Signals Using Dual LFP Recording Protocol in Mice
04:44

Author Spotlight: Studying Drug Impacts on Brain Signals Using Dual LFP Recording Protocol in Mice

Published on: February 16, 2024

2.2K

Three brain states in the hippocampus and cortex.

Kenneth Kay1, Loren M Frank1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

Hippocampus
|May 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new framework for understanding brain activity, moving beyond stimulus-driven models. It reveals three intrinsic brain states in the hippocampus and cortex, crucial for cognition.

Keywords:
brain statecortexhippocampusimaginationmemorynaturalistic behaviorprospectionsharp wave-ripple

More Related Videos

A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures
10:05

A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures

Published on: March 18, 2021

7.5K
Rapid Golgi Stain for Dendritic Spine Visualization in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex
04:58

Rapid Golgi Stain for Dendritic Spine Visualization in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex

Published on: December 3, 2021

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Studying Drug Impacts on Brain Signals Using Dual LFP Recording Protocol in Mice
04:44

Author Spotlight: Studying Drug Impacts on Brain Signals Using Dual LFP Recording Protocol in Mice

Published on: February 16, 2024

2.2K
A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures
10:05

A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures

Published on: March 18, 2021

7.5K
Rapid Golgi Stain for Dendritic Spine Visualization in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex
04:58

Rapid Golgi Stain for Dendritic Spine Visualization in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex

Published on: December 3, 2021

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Current brain research often assumes neural activity is primarily driven by external stimuli.
  • This stimulus-driven paradigm may be insufficient for fully explaining cognition.
  • A clear alternative framework for intrinsic brain activity has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and review evidence for an alternative framework centered on intrinsic brain activity.
  • To highlight the significance of intrinsic neural patterns for understanding cognition.
  • To present a novel three-state model of brain activity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent findings on neural activity in the hippocampus and cortex.
  • Analysis of anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates of brain states.
  • Examination of neural representation organization at specific timescales.

Main Results:

  • Neural activity in the hippocampus exhibits three distinct brain states with unique properties.
  • These three states imply different functional roles in cognitive processes.
  • Neural representations in the hippocampus show organized patterns over timescales of ~1 second or longer.
  • Parallel three-state organization is also observed in the cortex.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support a shift from stimulus-driven to intrinsic activity models for cognition.
  • A three-state framework offers a new perspective on brain organization and function.
  • Shared principles of intrinsic neural activity may exist across brain regions, including the hippocampus and cortex.