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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Double Labeling Immunofluorescence using Antibodies from the Same Species to Study Host-Pathogen Interactions
Published on: July 10, 2021
Mycobacterial extracellular vesicles and host pathogen interactions
Shamba Gupta1, G Marcela Rodriguez1
1Public Health Research Institute Center and New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
Abstract:
Mycobacteria, like other bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic cells, naturally release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to interact with their environment. EVs produced by pathogenic bacteria are involved in many activities including cell-cell communication, immunomodulation, virulence and cell survival. Although EVs released by thick cell wall microorganisms like mycobacteria were recognized only recently, studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EVs already point to their important roles in host pathogen interactions, opening exciting new areas of investigation. This minireview will summarize the current understanding of mycobacterial EV biology and roles in pathogenesis and will discuss their potential therapeutic applications.
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