Isatin based macrocyclic Schiff base ligands as novel candidates for antimicrobial and antioxidant drug design: In...

In the present work, five macrocyclic compounds, C₁₈H₁₂N₂O₄ (1), C₃₈H₂₄N₈O₆ (1a), C₃₈H₂₄N₈O₄S₂ (1b), C₄₀H₃₂N₈O₄ (2a) and C₄₈H₃₂N₈O₄ (2b) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1D & 2D NMR and electron spray ionization mass spectral analysis. The DNA binding ability of these compounds were investigated in vitro by UV-Visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The results indicate that these compounds possess strong DNA binding affinity via intercalation, while the order of binding strength followed the trend 2b (1.52 ± 0.06 × 10⁵ M^-1) > 2a (1.12 ± 0.11 × 10⁵ M^-1) > 1b (1.05 ± 0.04 × 10⁵ M^-1) > 1a (0.97 ± 0.14 × 10⁴ M^-1) > 1 (0.75 ± 0.21 × 10⁴ M^-1). The radical scavenging potencies of the compounds were explored by employing DPPH, OH and NO assays, in which 1a exhibited highest inhibitory effect on the radicals (IC₅₀ = 23.59 μM (DPPH), 26.14 μM (OH), 28.41 μM (NO)). The in vitro antibacterial studies showed that these compounds have the potential to arrest the growth of bacteria, among which, 1a was found to be vulnerable against the bacterial stains. In addition, in silico molecular docking stimulations were also performed to position these compounds into the active sites of bacterial membrane proteins. The results of in vitro and in silico investigations reveal that the compounds apprehend the bacterial growth significantly. The data obtained from this piece of work would be helpful to design antibacterial drugs incorporating isatin based macrocyclic frameworks.