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Urinary Cadmium Threshold to Prevent Kidney Disease Development
Soisungwan Satarug1,2, Werawan Ruangyuttikarn3, Muneko Nishijo4
1National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane 4108, Australia. sj.satarug@yahoo.com.au.
Toxics
|May 5, 2018
Summary
Long-term cadmium (Cd) exposure is linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney toxicity markers and urinary Cd levels significantly increased CKD risk and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR).
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Toxicology
- Nephrology
Background:
- Long-term cadmium (Cd) exposure's link to kidney toxicity was previously underestimated.
- Emerging evidence associates Cd exposure with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between kidney Cd toxicity markers and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR).
- To explore the relationship between urinary Cd levels and CKD prevalence.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of data from 193 men and 202 women (aged 16–87 years) from low- and high-Cd exposure areas in Thailand.
- Measurement of urinary Cd and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels.
- Assessment of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) and CKD prevalence.
Main Results:
- Urinary β2-MG levels ≥ 300 μg/g creatinine were associated with a 5.32-fold increase in CKD prevalence odds (p=0.001).
- Urinary Cd levels were associated with a 2.98-fold greater odds of CKD prevalence (p=0.037).
- In non-smoking women, the highest quartile of urinary Cd was linked to an 18.3 mL/min/1.73 m² lower eGFR compared to the lowest quartile (p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
- Cd-induced kidney pathology is linked to reduced GFR and CKD development in exposed individuals.
- Findings support reassessing Cd exposure's impact on population health, especially with rising CKD prevalence.
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