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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
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Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation01:15

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The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
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Circulating thyrotropin is upregulated by estradiol.

Salvatore Benvenga1,2,3, Flavia Di Bari1, Roberta Granese4

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.

Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology
|May 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels can increase with rising estrogen levels in women. This study found a correlation between estradiol and TSH, suggesting an estradiol-dependent TSH increase in some individuals.

Keywords:
17-OHPg, 17-hydroxyprogesteroneAUC, area under the curveBuserelinE2, estradiolEstradiolFSH, follicle-stimulating hormoneFT3, free T3GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormoneLH, luteinizing hormoneMenstrual cyclePCOS, polycystic ovary syndromePRL, prolactinPolycystic ovary syndromeProlactinT3, triiodothyronineT4, thyroxineTRH, TSH-releasing hormoneTSH, thyrotropinThyrotropin

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Hormone Research

Background:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels may fluctuate during the menstrual cycle.
  • Estrogen is known to influence pituitary hormone secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if serum TSH increases following an acute rise in serum estradiol.
  • To compare the TSH response to estradiol with that of prolactin (PRL).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of stored sera from 55 women undergoing a GnRH agonist (buserelin) stimulation test.
  • Measurement of serum estradiol, TSH, and PRL before and after buserelin injection.
  • Dexamethasone was administered to suppress adrenal steroidogenesis prior to the test.

Main Results:

  • Serum estradiol, TSH, and PRL levels increased significantly after buserelin injection.
  • A significant correlation was observed between peak TSH and peak estradiol levels in a subgroup of women.
  • Similar correlations were found between PRL and estradiol levels.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the existence of women with an estradiol-dependent increase in serum TSH.
  • These findings suggest that menstrual cycle phase-specific reference ranges for serum TSH are necessary.