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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Advances in microstructural diffusion neuroimaging for psychiatric disorders.

Ofer Pasternak1, Sinead Kelly2, Valerie J Sydnor3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Neuroimage
|May 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced diffusion MRI methods offer greater insight into brain abnormalities in mental disorders like schizophrenia and depression. These techniques improve specificity for pathologies such as demyelination and neuroinflammation, aiding treatment development.

Keywords:
Bipolar disorderDiffusion MRIMajor depressionMicrostructureSchizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Mental disorders like schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder require understanding neuropathological causes for targeted treatments.
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has identified brain abnormalities in psychiatric populations, particularly in white matter, but findings lack biological specificity.
  • Advanced diffusion MRI methods aim to increase sensitivity and specificity for detecting subtle neurological abnormalities, including demyelination and neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advanced diffusion MRI studies in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder populations.
  • To compare findings across different advanced diffusion MRI methods.
  • To discuss the benefits and limitations of these advanced methods and their impact on understanding mental disorder etiology and pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on advanced diffusion MRI techniques applied to psychiatric populations.
  • Comparison of findings from studies using various advanced diffusion MRI methods.
  • Analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, and limitations of different diffusion MRI approaches.

Main Results:

  • Limited application of advanced diffusion MRI methods in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder populations to date.
  • Advanced methods show potential for increased sensitivity and specificity compared to DTI.
  • Challenges include prolonged imaging times, reduced signal-to-noise ratio, and complex data evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced diffusion MRI methods offer promising avenues for understanding the neuropathology of mental disorders.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current limitations and fully leverage these techniques for diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.
  • These methods have the potential to provide novel insights into the etiology and pathology of complex psychiatric conditions.