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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a powerful analytical technique used in mass spectrometry. It enables the identification and characterization of various biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. MALDI is an ionization technique, widely employed in biological and medical research, as well as in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry.The analyte of interest, a biomolecule or a mixture of biomolecules, is mixed with a suitable matrix...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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Related Experiment Video

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On-Chip Octanol-Assisted Liposome Assembly for Bioengineering
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Microfluidic-assisted bacteriophage encapsulation into liposomes.

Sharon S Y Leung1, Sandra Morales2, Warwick Britton3

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|May 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microfluidics enables efficient phage encapsulation into liposomes. This method offers improved yields compared to traditional techniques, with minimal phage loss.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistanceCross-mixerLiposome-phagePEV2PEV40Phage

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Liposomes are versatile nanocarriers for biological payloads.
  • Phage encapsulation is crucial for phage therapy applications.
  • Microfluidics offers precise control over nanoparticle formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility of a microfluidic flow focusing system for phage encapsulation into liposomes.
  • To investigate the impact of flow rate ratio and total flow rate on liposome size and encapsulation efficiency.
  • To compare microfluidic encapsulation with conventional methods.

Main Methods:

  • A microfluidic flow focusing setup using commercially available fittings was designed.
  • Two types of Pseudomonas phages (PEV2 and PEV40) were encapsulated into liposomes composed of soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.
  • Liposome size and encapsulation efficiency were analyzed under varying total flow rates (TFR) and organic/aqueous flow rate ratios (FRR).

Main Results:

  • Liposome size and encapsulation efficiency increased with higher FRR and decreased slightly with higher TFR.
  • Liposomes encapsulating the smaller PEV2 phage (65 nm) were smaller (135-218 nm) than those encapsulating the larger PEV40 phage (261-448 nm).
  • Highest encapsulation efficiencies achieved were 59% for PEV2 and 50% for PEV40 at specific TFR and FRR conditions, outperforming conventional methods.

Conclusions:

  • Microfluidic flow focusing is a viable method for encapsulating phages of different sizes into liposomes.
  • The technique provides reproducible results with high encapsulation efficiency and minimal phage titer reduction.
  • This microfluidic approach offers advantages over traditional methods for phage-liposome preparation.