Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

71.3K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
71.3K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.4K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.4K
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

1.4K
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.4K
Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

200.7K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
200.7K
Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

138.1K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
138.1K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

40.4K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
40.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Janus bilayer coating of functional quaternized chitosan and borate bioactive glass for antibacterial protection and osseointegration.

Biomaterials advances·2026
Same author

Thermal and storage degradation kinetics of corn anthocyanin-based natural red colorants in a model beverage system, and their gastrointestinal behavior.

NPJ science of food·2026
Same author

Biomass-Based adsorbents for PFAS Remediation: From functionalization to disposal.

Bioresource technology·2026
Same author

Eco-Fabrication of Rigid Lignofoams with Porous Cellular Channels Coated by Polypropylene Films for Thermal Insulation Materials.

Polymers·2026
Same author

4D printing of a multi-transitioning shape memory polymer with a recovery onset towards precision endovascular embolization.

Acta biomaterialia·2026
Same author

Leveraging protein phase separation for optimized biochemicals production.

Current opinion in biotechnology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

12.8K

Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment enabling full utilization of switchgrass.

Zhu Chen1, Wesley D Reznicek1, Caixia Wan1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.

Bioresource Technology
|May 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a green DES pretreatment of switchgrass, yielding high-quality cellulose pulp and recoverable lignin. The process also enables yeast fermentation of the sugar-rich liquor for biomass and valuable compounds.

Keywords:
Deep eutectic solventEnzymatic hydrolysisLignin valorizationLignocellulosic biomassPretreatmentPretreatment liquor

More Related Videos

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
10:42

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

19.0K
Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents
08:13

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Published on: July 4, 2016

18.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

12.8K
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
10:42

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

19.0K
Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents
08:13

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Published on: July 4, 2016

18.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biomass Pretreatment
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Lignocellulosic biomass valorization is crucial for sustainable biorefineries.
  • Efficient fractionation of biomass components is a key challenge.
  • Developing environmentally friendly pretreatment methods is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a green and efficient method for switchgrass fractionation using DES.
  • To evaluate the quality of the obtained cellulose pulp and lignin.
  • To assess the potential of the xylose-rich liquor for microbial fermentation.

Main Methods:

  • Acidified aqueous DES (choline chloride: glycerol) pretreatment of switchgrass.
  • Fractionation into cellulose-rich pulp, lignin, and xylose-rich liquor.
  • Enzymatic digestibility of cellulose pulp.
  • Characterization of recovered lignin.
  • Fermentation of liquor by Rhodotorula toruloides.

Main Results:

  • Switchgrass fractionation into three streams under mild conditions.
  • Cellulose pulp achieved 89% glucose yield, indicating good digestibility.
  • Recyclable DES solvent maintained pretreatment efficiency over four cycles.
  • Recovered lignin preserved native structure with intact β-O-4 bonds.
  • Rhodotorula toruloides produced 18.7 g/L biomass, 8.1 g/L lipid, and 15.0 mg/L carotenoids from the liquor.

Conclusions:

  • The developed DES pretreatment is a green and effective method for switchgrass utilization.
  • The process allows for the recovery of valuable cellulose, lignin, and sugars.
  • Integrated chemical and biological approaches enable full lignocellulosic biomass valorization.