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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Calculating areas within irregular boundaries, such as along rivers or curved roads, is crucial in various fields, including surveying, engineering, and environmental management. Surveyors often begin by creating a traverse, a connected series of straight lines approximating the area's boundary. The coordinates of each traverse point are essential for calculating the enclosed area. The double meridian distance formula is a widely used technique for this purpose. This method utilizes the...
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Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
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Exercise ventilatory irregularity can be quantified by approximate entropy to detect breathing pattern disorder.

Taranpal Bansal1, Gulam S Haji1, Harry B Rossiter2

  • 1NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust & Imperial College, London UK.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|May 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Breathing pattern disorder (BPD) is often diagnosed subjectively. Approximate entropy (ApEn) analysis of breathing data during exercise tests can objectively detect BPD, showing increased ventilatory irregularity in patients.

Keywords:
BreathingCardiopulmonaryDyspneaEntropyExercise

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Cardiorespiratory Physiology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Breathing pattern disorder (BPD) is a common cause of exertional dyspnea.
  • Currently, no reliable objective diagnostic measures exist for BPD.
  • Statistical analysis of ventilatory irregularity may offer an objective diagnostic approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of approximate entropy (ApEn) in quantifying ventilatory irregularity.
  • To determine if ApEn can differentiate patients with BPD from healthy controls using cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) data.
  • To assess the relationship between ventilatory ApEn and exercise limitation in BPD.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated ventilatory ApEn in 20 adults with BPD and 15 matched controls during CPET.
  • Calculated ApEn for tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (Bf), and minute ventilation (VE).
  • Compared ApEn values between BPD patients and controls, and analyzed correlations with peak oxygen uptake.

Main Results:

  • Patients with BPD reported breathlessness more often and had lower peak oxygen uptake than controls.
  • Significantly greater ApEn for VT and VE was observed in BPD patients.
  • ApEn of VE was inversely related to peak oxygen uptake in BPD patients and demonstrated high sensitivity (70%) and specificity (87%) for BPD detection.

Conclusions:

  • Non-linear analysis of CPET ventilatory data, specifically ApEn, is useful for BPD detection.
  • Approximate entropy provides a quantitative and objective method for diagnosing BPD during exercise testing.
  • This approach enhances the objective assessment of breathing pattern disorders.