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A genome-wide association study for extremely high intelligence.

D Zabaneh1, E Krapohl1, H A Gaspar1,2

  • 1King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.

Molecular Psychiatry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic studies of extreme intelligence reveal significant heritability and overlap with educational attainment. This research highlights the utility of extreme trait selection for understanding cognitive genetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Understanding the genetic architecture of human intelligence is a complex challenge.
  • Previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified genetic variants associated with intelligence, but with small effect sizes.
  • Studying extreme traits can offer unique insights into the genetic underpinnings of complex phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of extremely high intelligence using a case-control genome-wide association design.
  • To determine the heritability of extreme intelligence and its genetic correlation with educational attainment and population IQ.
  • To identify specific genetic variants and pathways associated with exceptionally high cognitive ability.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control genome-wide association study design was employed.
  • Cases comprised 1238 individuals from the top 0.0003% of the population distribution of intelligence (mean IQ ~170).
  • 8172 unselected population-based controls were included for comparison.

Main Results:

  • The single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability for the extreme IQ trait was 0.33, the highest reported for a cognitive phenotype.
  • Significant genome-wide genetic correlations were observed with educational attainment (0.78) and population IQ (0.86).
  • Three variants in the ADAM12 locus achieved genome-wide significance but did not replicate in normal-range IQ studies. The gene family plexins showed significant enrichment for associations with high IQ.

Conclusions:

  • Extreme trait selection is a valuable strategy for the genetic study of intelligence.
  • Extremely high intelligence is genetically continuous with normal-range intelligence.
  • The findings suggest shared genetic factors between high intelligence, educational attainment, and neurodevelopmental pathways.