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The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration E-TTNA for Sampling of Lung Nodules
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Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy under intravenous sedation-tips and tricks.

Suet-Lai Cheng1, Chung-Ming Chu1

  • 1Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|May 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) under intravenous sedation (IVS) offers comparable diagnostic yield to general anesthesia (GA) but is technically challenging. This review details techniques to enhance safety and effectiveness of ENB with IVS for pulmonary nodule diagnosis.

Keywords:
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB)anaesthesiapulmonary nodule (PN)sedation

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Interventional Pulmonology

Background:

  • Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is an increasingly utilized tool for diagnosing pulmonary nodules (PNs).
  • Historically, ENB procedures were predominantly performed under general anesthesia (GA).
  • Emerging evidence suggests ENB under intravenous sedation (IVS) may offer comparable diagnostic yield and reduce procedure time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the techniques essential for performing ENB under intravenous sedation (IVS).
  • To outline strategies for maximizing diagnostic yield and ensuring patient safety during ENB with IVS.
  • To explore the potential of IVS to increase accessibility to ENB procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of techniques for electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB).
  • Focus on procedural modifications and safety considerations for ENB performed under intravenous sedation (IVS).
  • Comparison of ENB under IVS versus general anesthesia (GA) regarding technical challenges and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • ENB under IVS demonstrates comparable diagnostic yield to ENB under GA.
  • ENB under IVS is time-saving compared to ENB under GA.
  • ENB under IVS presents unique technical challenges compared to GA.

Conclusions:

  • Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) under intravenous sedation (IVS) is a viable alternative to GA for diagnosing pulmonary nodules.
  • Mastering specific techniques is crucial for optimizing the safety and diagnostic efficacy of ENB with IVS.
  • Wider adoption of ENB with IVS could improve patient and practitioner access to this diagnostic modality.