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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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PI-RADS v2: Current standing and future outlook.

Clayton P Smith1, Barış Türkbey1

  • 1Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Turkish Journal of Urology
|May 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) enhances prostate cancer detection with improved sensitivity. However, further research is needed to address interobserver agreement and study methodology in multiparametric MRI.

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) was established in 2012 to standardize prostate multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).
  • PI-RADS version 2 (PI-RADS v2) was released in 2015 to address limitations of the initial version.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the accuracy, interobserver agreement, and clinical outcomes associated with PI-RADS v2.
  • To identify limitations in the current literature regarding PI-RADS v2 implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of studies evaluating PI-RADS v2.
  • Comparative analysis of PI-RADS v2 against PI-RADS v1.

Main Results:

  • PI-RADS v2 demonstrates improved sensitivity for detecting prostate cancer compared to PI-RADS v1.

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  • Specificity remains comparable between PI-RADS v1 and PI-RADS v2.
  • Concerns identified regarding interobserver agreement and methodological heterogeneity in PI-RADS v2 studies.

    • Conclusions:

    • PI-RADS v2 offers advancements in prostate mpMRI standardization and diagnostic accuracy.
    • Further research is warranted to enhance interobserver agreement and standardize study methodologies for PI-RADS v2.