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Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Bias01:22

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Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
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Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the...
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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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Active Sensor for Microwave Tissue Imaging with Bias-Switched Arrays.

Farzad Foroutan1, Natalia K Nikolova2

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. foroutf@mcmaster.ca.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel bias-switched active sensor was developed for microwave tissue imaging. This sensor achieves a dynamic range of up to 118 dB, enabling advanced imaging capabilities.

Keywords:
Microwave imagingUltra-wide bandactive radio sensorbiased-switched array

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Area of Science:

  • Microwave Engineering
  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Advancements in active arrays are crucial for next-generation microwave tissue imaging.
  • Miniaturization of sensor components is essential for achieving high-density arrays.
  • Controlling sensor states is key to optimizing performance and dynamic range.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a prototype bias-switched active sensor for microwave tissue imaging.
  • To establish the achievable dynamic range of the sensor for improved imaging.
  • To assess the sensor's suitability for dense active array configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a printed slot antenna, low-noise amplifier (LNA), and active mixer into a single compact unit.
  • Implementation of a bias-switching circuit to simultaneously control the LNA and mixer.
  • Experimental measurement of the sensor's dynamic range across different resolution bandwidths.

Main Results:

  • The developed sensor is compact, allowing for inter-sensor distances as small as 12 mm.
  • The sensor operates over a bandwidth of 3 GHz to 7.5 GHz with a 30 MHz intermediate frequency (IF).
  • Experimental results show a dynamic range of 109 dB at 1 kHz and 118 dB at 100 Hz resolution bandwidth.

Conclusions:

  • The prototype bias-switched active sensor demonstrates significant potential for microwave tissue imaging arrays.
  • The sensor's design enables high dynamic range performance crucial for detailed imaging.
  • The compact size and performance characteristics support the development of advanced, high-resolution microwave imaging systems.