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Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity drive species invasiveness. In the perennial sunflower Helianthus tuberosus, invasive spread was facilitated by evolving extreme clonality and utilizing hybrid vigor or additive genetic loci.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Invasive species success in new environments can stem from adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity.
  • Understanding the interplay of these mechanisms is crucial for predicting and managing biological invasions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the independent and combined roles of adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity in the invasiveness of Helianthus tuberosus.
  • To identify the genetic and plastic underpinnings of invasive spread in this species.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of invasive and native genotypes.
  • Trait evolution analysis focusing on clonality.
  • Genetic analysis to identify loci associated with invasiveness.
  • Investigation of phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental cues.

Main Results:

  • Invasive Helianthus tuberosus genotypes exhibit multiple origins and facilitated spread through repeated evolution of extreme clonality.
  • This evolutionary shift involved genetic accommodation of a pre-existing plastic response to water availability.
  • Invasive success under non-drought conditions is mediated by complementary mechanisms including hybrid vigor and/or two major additive-effect loci.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic plasticity facilitated the evolution of invasiveness in Helianthus tuberosus.
  • Multiple genetic solutions, including clonality evolution, hybrid vigor, and additive genetic loci, contribute to the invasiveness of this species.