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Updated: Feb 10, 2026
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One-step Protocol for Evaluation of the Mode of Radiation-induced Clonogenic Cell Death by Fluorescence Microscopy
Published on: October 23, 2017
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Two-in-one: UV radiation simultaneously induces apoptosis and NETosis
Dhia Azzouz1,2, Meraj A Khan1,2, Neil Sweezey1,3,4
11Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada.
Cell Death Discovery
|May 9, 2018
Summary
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can induce both neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) and apoptosis simultaneously. This study identifies a novel form of NOX-independent NETosis, termed "ApoNETosis", triggered by UV exposure.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
- Dermatology
Background:
- NETosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death in neutrophils.
- The potential for simultaneous NETosis and apoptosis in a single neutrophil remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate whether neutrophils can undergo both NETosis and apoptosis concurrently.
- To characterize the mechanisms of UV-induced NETosis.
Main Methods:
- Neutrophils were exposed to increasing doses of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
- NETosis was assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) colocalization to extracellular DNA.
- Caspase 3 activation, mitochondrial ROS generation, and p38/ERK phosphorylation were measured.
- Inhibitors of ROS production, p38, and NADPH oxidase (NOX) were used.
- Transcriptional activity and cell death pathways were analyzed.
Main Results:
- UV irradiation dose-dependently increased NETosis and caspase 3 activation.
- UV-induced NETosis was dependent on mitochondrial ROS and p38 activation, but independent of NOX activity.
- UV-induced NETosis required transcriptional firing for chromatin decondensation.
- UV-mediated NETosis was distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis.
Conclusions:
- Increasing UV doses induce simultaneous apoptosis and NETosis in neutrophils.
- UV triggers a novel form of NOX-independent NETosis, designated "ApoNETosis".
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