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Gema Jiménez1,2,3,4, Elena López-Ruiz5,6,7,8, Cristina Antich5,6,9,7

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Osteochondral (OC) lesions cause pain and disability. This chapter reviews in vitro and in vivo models crucial for understanding OC injury causes and developing effective treatments.

Keywords:
Disease modelsIn vitro modelsIn vivo modelsOsteoarthritisOsteochondral defects

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Osteochondral (OC) lesions are a significant cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain and functional disability, impacting patient quality of life and societal costs.
  • Current treatment options for OC lesions are limited, highlighting the critical need for effective therapeutic strategies.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis of OC defects is essential for developing novel interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and discuss the primary in vitro and in vivo models used in studying osteochondral defects.
  • To provide insights into the advantages and limitations of various OC disease models.
  • To guide the selection of appropriate models for research on OC lesion origin, progression, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established in vitro models for investigating OC lesion etiology and initial therapeutic screening.
  • Analysis of in vivo models that replicate human osteochondral lesion patterns and progression for preclinical studies.
  • Discussion of factors influencing the choice of in vitro versus in vivo models, including study objectives, feasibility, and cost.

Main Results:

  • In vitro models are valuable for elucidating disease mechanisms and initial drug testing.
  • In vivo models offer greater anatomical relevance and are essential for preclinical validation of treatments.
  • Both model types have distinct strengths and weaknesses, necessitating careful selection based on research goals.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro and in vivo models are indispensable tools for advancing the understanding and treatment of osteochondral lesions.
  • The selection of an appropriate model is contingent upon specific research questions and practical considerations.
  • Continued development and application of these models are vital for successful translation to clinical practice.