Reflex anoxic seizures (RAS) in an adult patient: a separate entity from epilepsy

Reflex anoxic seizures (RAS) are essential in the differential diagnosis of non-epileptic paroxysmal seizures. They are precipitated by vagally mediated brief cardiac asystole, which in turn leads to transient cerebral ischaemia. RAS are usually seen in infants and preschool children, but in this case happened in a middle-aged man. Our patient is a 61-year-old man who presented with sudden, repeated contractions of his left upper arm and urine incontinence, followed by loss of consciousness for about 30 s. He reported a similar episode occurred 2 years earlier. He did indicate episodic confusion pointing towards possibility of more occurrences. In the emergency department, he developed a similar seizure, during which telemetry revealed sinus arrest lasted for 4-6 s that was followed by junctional escape. Implantation of a pacemaker resulted in total cessation of sinus arrest and seizure activity during the admission. On 1-year follow-up, patient and family members did not report episodic confusion or any seizure-like activity. RAS constitute a particular entity of seizures and need careful interpretation and management. They have a similar pathophysiology to cardiac syncope. Successful prevention of cerebral hypoperfusion with a cardiac pacemaker usually leads to complete resolution of symptoms in patients with RAS as demonstrated in this case.