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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Chemical compound-based direct reprogramming for future clinical applications.

Yukimasa Takeda1, Yoshinori Harada2, Toshikazu Yoshikawa3

  • 1Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.

Bioscience Reports
|May 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical compounds enable direct cell reprogramming without transgenes, bypassing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and reducing tumorigenesis risk. This method offers a promising alternative for generating various cell types for transplantation therapy.

Keywords:
chemical compounddirect reprogrammingregenerative medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) typically require viral vectors and transcription factors, posing risks to genomic integrity.
  • Direct reprogramming offers a transgene-free alternative to generate specific cell types, bypassing the pluripotent stage.
  • Chemical compounds can regulate cellular signaling and epigenetic modifications for direct cell fate conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in chemical compound-mediated direct cell reprogramming.
  • To highlight the potential of transgene-free reprogramming for therapeutic applications.
  • To discuss challenges and future prospects for clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing combinations of chemical compounds and cell-type specific media.
  • Transdifferentiating somatic cells, including patient-derived fibroblasts, into various target cell types.
  • Analyzing epigenetic modifications and cellular signaling pathways involved in reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Successful transdifferentiation into neuronal cells, glial cells, neural stem cells, brown adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, somatic progenitor cells, and pluripotent stem cells.
  • Demonstrated potential for generating autologous cells for transplantation therapy, avoiding immune rejection.
  • Identified challenges in achieving complete chemical reprogramming in adult human fibroblasts compared to mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical compound-based direct reprogramming is a promising, safer alternative to traditional iPSC generation.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges for efficient reprogramming in human cells.
  • This approach holds significant potential for future cell transplantation therapies.