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Complement System01:27

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Components of Stress01:23

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Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion
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Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion

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Bordetella pertussis isolates vary in their interactions with human complement components.

Charlotte Brookes1, Irene Freire-Martin1, Breeze Cavell1

  • 1Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.

Emerging Microbes & Infections
|May 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Bordetella pertussis strains vary in their ability to evade immune responses. Understanding these differences and the role of complement evasion is crucial for developing effective whooping cough vaccines.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Whooping cough (pertussis) is a re-emerging respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis.
  • Improved vaccines are needed, requiring a better understanding of protective immunity and strain variation.
  • B. pertussis evades host defenses, particularly complement-mediated killing, by binding complement-regulatory proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variation in complement system interactions among recent B. pertussis isolates.
  • To identify mechanisms of complement evasion and their impact on bacterial survival.
  • To assess the role of Vag8 and C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) in B. pertussis complement resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis (SNP-based dendrogram) of B. pertussis isolates.
  • Assessment of resistance to complement-mediated killing.
  • Quantification of complement component deposition (C3b/iC3b, C5b-9) and C1-INH binding.
  • Evaluation of Vag8 expression and function using knockout mutants.
  • Analysis of antibody activity in convalescent sera.

Main Results:

  • Significant variation in complement resistance and complement deposition was observed among genetically similar B. pertussis isolates.
  • Vag8 was confirmed as a key receptor for C1-INH, and its expression varied across isolates.
  • A Vag8 knockout mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to complement-mediated killing.
  • Antibodies in convalescent sera could block C1-INH binding to B. pertussis.

Conclusions:

  • B. pertussis exhibits diverse strategies for evading complement-mediated killing, even among closely related strains.
  • Vag8 plays a critical role in resistance to complement, and its variable expression contributes to immune evasion.
  • Antibodies targeting C1-INH binding may be important for natural immunity against whooping cough.
  • These findings provide insights for the development of next-generation pertussis vaccines.