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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

Bone Structure

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

Published on: March 29, 2018

Interleukin 17 enhances bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced ectopic bone formation.

M Croes¹, M C Kruyt¹, W M Groen¹

¹Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Scientific Reports

|May 10, 2018

Summary

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) enhances bone formation by working with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). This combination significantly increases bone volume and promotes connective tissue ingrowth for potential bone graft substitutes.

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

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Models of Bone Metastasis

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Published on: September 4, 2012

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Regenerative Medicine
Orthopedics

Background:

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is known to stimulate osteogenic differentiation in vitro.
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a key factor in bone formation and osteoclastogenesis.
Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclast activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo effects of IL-17 in combination with BMP-2 on bone formation.
To explore the interaction between IL-17, BMP-2, and ZOL in ceramic scaffolds.
To evaluate the potential of IL-17 as a therapeutic agent for bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

Utilized ceramic scaffolds with and without ZOL coating.
Administered BMP-2 and IL-17 locally to the scaffolds.
Performed histological evaluations at day 10 and bone volume analysis at 12 weeks.

Main Results:

IL-17 alone did not induce osteoclast formation.
BMP-2 stimulated tissue ingrowth and osteoclastogenesis, which were blocked by ZOL.
IL-17 restored BMP-2-induced connective tissue formation and osteoclastogenesis in ZOL-coated scaffolds.
Co-delivery of BMP-2 and IL-17 doubled bone volume compared to BMP-2 alone.

Conclusions:

IL-17 exhibits osteo-stimulatory effects through synergy with BMP-2.
IL-17 promotes connective tissue ingrowth and enhances BMP-2-induced bone formation.
IL-17 holds promise for developing improved bone graft substitutes.