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Related Concept Videos

Exocrine Glands: Types of Secretions01:13

Exocrine Glands: Types of Secretions

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Exocrine glands produce and release a variety of glandular products. Exocrine glands can be classified into serous, mucous, or mixed types based on their secretory products.
Serous glands produce watery secretions rich in digestive enzymes and proteins. The constituent cells of the serous gland have centrally located nuclei and eosinophilic secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The parotid gland is an example of a serous gland. It secretes saliva, which contains enzymes, such as lipases and...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Pancreatic Juice and Secretion01:26

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

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Pancreatic juice is a clear fluid produced by the pancreas, containing water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes vital for digestion in the small intestine. It helps break down large molecules, facilitating nutrient absorption.
When acidic chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that prompts pancreatic juice secretion. After a fatty meal, cholecystokinin, another hormone, stimulates gallbladder contraction and enhances enzyme-rich...
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Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion01:28

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

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Tubular secretion and reabsorption are two critical processes in the nephron tubule of the kidneys. When the fluid filtered from the glomerulus enters the proximal convoluted tubule, it is referred to as filtrate, and its composition changes due to tubular reabsorption and secretion.
Tubular reabsorption is a selective process that starts when the filtrate enters the proximal tubules. It involves substances traveling through the transcellular route (through the tubule cell and peritubular...
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Reabsorption and Secretion in the PCT01:28

Reabsorption and Secretion in the PCT

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The Proximal Convoluted Tubule, or PCT, plays a pivotal role in the body's filtration system. They are primarily responsible for reabsorbing solutes and water from the filtered fluid produced by the glomeruli. Most of the filtered water, ions, and organic solutes such as glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by the PCT.
Transport mechanisms involving sodium ions (Na+) contribute significantly to solute reabsorption. These mechanisms include symport and antiport processes.
A key example is the...
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Structure and potential role of T6SS effector PdpC in Francisella tularensis intracellular lifestyle.

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Atomic Structure and Phospholipid Binding Properties of the <i>Francisella</i> Type VI Secretion System Effector Protein PdpC.

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Intratracheal Inoculation of Fischer 344 Rats with Francisella tularensis
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The Francisella Type VI Secretion System.

Daniel L Clemens1, Bai-Yu Lee1, Marcus A Horwitz1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|May 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) in Francisella tularensis is crucial for causing tularemia by injecting toxins into host cells. Despite unique features, its structure resembles other bacterial T6SSs, offering insights into pathogenesis.

Keywords:
CryoElectron microscopyFrancisella pathogenicity islandFrancisella tularensisatomic modelreviewtularemia

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis causes the severe zoonotic disease tularemia.
  • The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is essential for Francisella virulence, enabling phagosome escape and intracellular multiplication.
  • T6SSs are widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and function as contractile injection devices, though their mechanisms are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the structure, composition, and function of the Francisella T6SS.
  • To highlight the unique aspects of the Francisella T6SS while noting its structural similarities to other T6SSs.
  • To identify remaining questions regarding the Francisella T6SS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on bacterial Type VI Secretion Systems.
  • Comparative analysis of the Francisella T6SS with other known T6SSs.
  • Summary of structural and functional insights, including effector identification.

Main Results:

  • The Francisella T6SS shares structural similarities with other T6SSs, operating like a contractile phage.
  • Recent studies have provided atomic models of the sheath, insights into contraction mechanics, and identified effector molecules.
  • The Francisella T6SS, while having limited sequence homology, is critical for host cell hijacking and disease causation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the Francisella T6SS, particularly its structure and role in pathogenesis.
  • Despite unique characteristics, the Francisella T6SS provides a model for studying T6SS function.
  • Further research is needed to fully unravel the complexities and unanswered questions surrounding the Francisella T6SS.