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Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a...
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Signal processing techniques are essential for accurately converting continuous signals to digital formats and vice versa. When a continuous signal is sampled with a period T, the resulting sampled signal exhibits replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain, spaced at intervals equal to the sampling frequency. To handle this sampled signal, a zero-order hold method can be applied, which creates a piecewise constant signal by retaining each sample's value until the next...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor
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Customized reconstruction with modified keystone flaps.

Jang Won Lee1, Chan Woo Kim1, Tae Hwan Park1

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea.

The Journal of Dermatology
|May 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Modified keystone flaps offer a simple and reliable solution for soft tissue reconstruction. This surgical technique minimizes complications, making it an excellent option for various defect repairs.

Keywords:
flapkeystonekeystone flapperforatorreconstruction

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Soft tissue defect reconstruction requires tissue similarity and minimized patient morbidity.
  • Keystone flaps are a known reconstructive technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the surgical experience with customized modified keystone flaps for soft tissue reconstruction.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and complication rates of this technique.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 48 consecutive soft tissue reconstructions using modified keystone flaps.
  • Data collected between March and December 2017.

Main Results:

  • No major complications were observed during the follow-up period.
  • Mean defect size was 4.7 × 3.5 cm², with mean flap size 7.9 × 5.4 cm².
  • Minor complications included 6% dehiscence and 2% partial flap loss, with successful recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Modified keystone flaps are simple, reliable, and versatile for soft tissue reconstruction.
  • This technique offers minimal morbidity and can be an excellent surgical option.