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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Cadmium Exposure Inhibits Branching Morphogenesis and Causes Alterations Consistent With HIF-1α Inhibition in Human

Sabrina A Rocco1, Lada Koneva2, Lauren Y M Middleton1

  • 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029.

Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology
|May 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cadmium exposure inhibits human mammary stem cell proliferation and differentiation. This occurs at physiologically relevant doses, potentially by disrupting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activity, impacting breast development.

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