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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
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Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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How to Harvest Grotthuss Diffusion in Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Systems.

Johannes Ingenmey1, Sascha Gehrke1,2, Barbara Kirchner1

  • 1Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany.

Chemsuschem
|May 10, 2018
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Summary

Researchers explored proton transfer in N-methylimidazole and acetic acid mixtures. They discovered Grotthuss-like proton conduction in these systems, suggesting new pathways for developing advanced proton-conducting electrolytes for fuel cells.

Keywords:
electrolytesfuel cellsgrotthuss diffusionionic liquidsmolecular dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Anhydrous proton-conducting electrolytes are crucial for high-temperature fuel cells (>120°C).
  • Protic ionic liquids are promising, but Grotthuss diffusion mechanisms in these systems are often overlooked.
  • Developing efficient proton conduction pathways is key for next-generation energy technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the proton transfer mechanism in equimolar N-methylimidazole and acetic acid mixtures.
  • To explore the potential of Grotthuss diffusion in designing novel protic ionic liquids.
  • To identify new candidate materials for high-temperature fuel cell electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study proton transfer mechanics.
  • Experimental validation of system ionicity.
  • Static quantum chemical calculations to assess cation/anion substitutions.

Main Results:

  • The N-methylimidazole and acetic acid mixture exhibits high ionic conductivity via Grotthuss-like proton conduction, despite being mostly neutral species.
  • Direct observation of proton transfer chains involving acetic acid molecules and other species.
  • Successful prediction of ionic liquid vs. molecular mixture behavior for various cation/anion combinations.

Conclusions:

  • Grotthuss diffusion offers a viable design principle for highly conductive protic ionic liquids.
  • The studied N-methylimidazole and acetic acid system demonstrates a promising model for anhydrous proton conduction.
  • Computational screening provides a pathway to discover new Grotthuss diffusion-enabled protic ionic liquids for advanced fuel cells.