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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Optimized Bone Sampling Protocols for the Retrieval of Ancient DNA from Archaeological Remains
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137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes.

Peter de Barros Damgaard1, Nina Marchi2, Simon Rasmussen3

  • 1Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

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|May 11, 2018
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Summary

Ancient Eurasian steppe genetics reveal complex population shifts after the Bronze Age. Migrations and admixtures transformed the region from West Eurasian to East Asian ancestry, influencing language and disease spread.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Archaeology
  • Population History

Background:

  • The Eurasian steppes have historically been a nexus of human migration and cultural evolution for millennia.
  • Understanding post-Bronze Age population dynamics is crucial for reconstructing regional history.

Observation:

  • Genomic sequencing of 137 ancient individuals spanning 4,000 years provides insights into steppe population history.
  • Analysis focused on the period following the Late Bronze Age migrations.

Findings:

  • Scythian genetics reveal a structured population with diverse origins: Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers, and Siberian hunter-gatherers.
  • Subsequent admixtures with Xiongnu confederations and East Asian groups during the Medieval period significantly altered ancestry.
  • Migration events were linked to the westward spread of plague, ancestral to the Justinian plague.

Implications:

  • These genetic shifts explain the transition from Indo-European, West Eurasian-ancestry populations to present-day Turkic-speaking, East Asian-ancestry groups.
  • The study highlights the role of ancient nomads in shaping Eurasian genetic landscapes and facilitating disease transmission.
  • Genomic data offers a powerful tool for tracing deep historical connections and population movements across vast geographical areas.