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Lethal trap created by adaptive evolutionary response to an exotic resource.

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Native butterflies evolved dependence on an invasive plant, leading to extinction when human land management changed. This eco-evolutionary trap highlights risks of introduced species and human-driven ecological shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Human-introduced organisms can create novel resources for native species, sometimes with maladaptive consequences.
  • Native insects have previously been trapped by toxic exotic plants, leading to mortality.
  • This study investigates a novel 'eco-evolutionary trap' where high fitness on an exotic resource leads to maladaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and analyze a novel eco-evolutionary trap involving the butterfly Euphydryas editha and the invasive plant Plantago lanceolata.
  • To investigate how evolving dependence on an exotic resource, influenced by human land management, can lead to population collapse.
  • To understand the role of human activities in shaping evolutionary trajectories and ecological outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Long-term ecological monitoring of Euphydryas editha populations and their host plants.
  • Analysis of historical data on butterfly-plant interactions and land management practices.
  • Observational studies on butterfly behavior, larval survival, and developmental rates in response to host plant shifts.

Main Results:

  • Euphydryas editha populations evolved a strong preference for the invasive Plantago lanceolata, abandoning their native host Collinsia parviflora.
  • This shift provided high larval survival initially but reduced developmental rates.
  • Changes in cattle grazing (human land management) led to increased grass growth, shading out Plantago and causing local extinction of the butterfly population.
  • Subsequent recolonization by butterflies feeding exclusively on Collinsia reset the system, indicating a potential for repeated cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a novel eco-evolutionary trap driven by human-induced environmental changes and species interactions.
  • Evolving dependence on human-subsidized exotic resources can make native species vulnerable to shifts in land management.
  • Conservation strategies must consider the dynamic interplay between evolution, introduced species, and anthropogenic influences to prevent population declines.