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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
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Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools

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[Current and established diagnostic modalities for bladder cancer].

D Zaak1, C Ohlmann2, A Stenzl3

  • 1Urologie Traunstein, Traunstein, Deutschland.

Der Urologe. Ausg. A
|May 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) improves bladder cancer recurrence and prognosis. Molecular substaging offers a revolutionary approach to assessing and treating urothelial cancer, enhancing patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Coherence tomographyCystoscopyMetastasisPhotodynamic diagnosisTumor markersUrothelial carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Uro-oncology
  • Diagnostic imaging
  • Molecular pathology

Background:

  • Current guidelines for bladder urothelial cancer diagnosis and staging are reviewed.
  • Emerging endoscopic, imaging, and molecular methods are discussed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current diagnostic and staging guidelines for urothelial cancer.
  • To provide an overview of novel diagnostic and staging techniques under investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical guidelines and recent scientific literature.
  • Examination of emerging imaging and molecular diagnostic modalities.

Main Results:

  • Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) has advanced and is integrated into guidelines, improving transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) outcomes.
  • PDD-based TURB demonstrates long-term benefits in reducing recurrence, progression, and the need for cystectomy.
  • Ongoing research focuses on enhanced light-filtering and screen resolution for imaging.
  • Molecular substaging using immunohistochemical biomarkers shows promise for managing advanced urothelial cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Novel visualization techniques are expected to enhance recurrence-free intervals and prognosis for bladder cancer patients.
  • Molecular substaging is poised to transform prognostic assessments and treatment strategies for urothelial cancer.