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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

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Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors01:18

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors

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Drug binding to proteins is a complex phenomenon influenced by various drug-related factors, each playing a significant role in the interaction between drugs and proteins within the body.
One crucial factor in drug-protein binding is the drug's lipophilicity or its affinity for fat. More lipophilic drugs tend to have higher binding extents. For example, highly lipophilic drugs like cloxacillin exhibit substantial protein binding, with as much as 95% of the drug binding to proteins. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
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Decriminalization of drug use.

Balasingam Vicknasingam1, Suresh Narayanan2, Darshan Singh1

  • 1Centre for Drug Research.

Current Opinion in Psychiatry
|May 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Decriminalization of drug use did not alter drug use onset age or prices. The United Nations (UN) supports a public health approach, but more evidence is needed to advocate for widespread decriminalization policies.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Drug Policy
  • Criminology

Background:

  • Drug use is a complex issue with significant public health implications.
  • Criminalization has historically been the primary response to drug use.
  • There is a growing global discussion on alternative approaches, including decriminalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a literature review on the decriminalization of drug use between 2016 and 2017.
  • To analyze the impact of decriminalization on drug use patterns and prices.
  • To identify policy implications and suggest future directions for drug policy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review.
  • Analysis of seven articles specifically on decriminalization.
  • Comparison with 57 articles on drug legalization.

Main Results:

  • Decriminalization did not affect the age of onset for drug use.
  • Drug prices did not decrease following decriminalization.
  • Policy studies advocate for a public health approach over criminal sanctions, aligning with UN recommendations.
  • Some studies suggest caution regarding cannabis decriminalization and regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Scientific evidence and UN endorsement support viewing drug addiction as a health disorder, strengthening the case for decriminalization.
  • Currently, empirical evidence demonstrating positive outcomes of decriminalization is limited.
  • Further widespread research is necessary to support broader decriminalization efforts.
  • Individual member states need to implement UN-endorsed public health strategies for drug addiction.