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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
2.5K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells
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Vitamin E and its anticancer effects.

Annette Abraham1, Ajoe John Kattoor1, Tom Saldeen1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
|May 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Research on vitamin E and cancer is shifting focus from alpha-tocopherol to other isoforms like gamma-tocopherol and tocotrienols. These non-alpha tocopherol forms show unique anticancer mechanisms and potential in preclinical studies.

Keywords:
Vitamin E and canceranticancer mechanismstocopheroltocopherol and cancertocotrienol

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional biochemistry
  • Cancer research
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble vitamin, exists as eight isoforms: tocopherols (α, β, δ, γ) and tocotrienols (α, β, δ, γ).
  • Early cancer research primarily focused on alpha-tocopherol, but major clinical trials yielded inconclusive results.
  • Recent findings suggest a shift towards investigating the anticancer potential of non-alpha tocopherol isoforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of vitamin E's anticancer mechanisms.
  • To discuss controversies surrounding vitamin E's role in cancer over the past three decades.
  • To highlight the need for further clinical research on non-alpha tocopherol isoforms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on vitamin E and cancer.
  • Analysis of biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action for different vitamin E isoforms.
  • Discussion of results from key clinical trials, including SELECT and ATBC.

Main Results:

  • Gamma-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol can neutralize reactive nitrogen and oxygen species.
  • Tocotrienols exhibit unique anticancer effects through antiangiogenesis, HMG CoA reductase inhibition, and NF-κB pathway modulation.
  • Preclinical data for non-alpha tocopherol isoforms demonstrate promising anticancer activity.

Conclusions:

  • The focus in vitamin E cancer research has shifted from alpha-tocopherol to other isoforms due to trial outcomes.
  • Non-alpha tocopherol isoforms, particularly tocotrienols, possess distinct and potent anticancer properties.
  • Further large-scale clinical studies are warranted to validate the anticancer efficacy of non-alpha tocopherol isoforms.